CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF PLASTICS ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Question Bank
1 MARK—QUESTION
2 MARK ---QUESTION
4/5 MARK ----QUESTION
COURSE :
DPMT
SEMESTER :
2nd
SUBJECT :
Computer & Information Technology
3 MARK --- QUESTION
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1.WHAT IS MOTHERBOARD? WRITE THE FUNCTIONS OF MOTHERBOARD?
Ans-The motherboard itself is a printed circuit board that allows the CPU, RAM, and all other computer hardware components to communicate with each other .It connects the CPU, memory, Hard Disk, optical devices , video card, sound card & other parts, directly or by wire or cable.
FUNCTIONS
⦁ It acts as the platform on which various expansions slots are available to install other devices.
⦁ It is responsible to distribute power to the various components of the computer.
⦁ It is used in the co-ordination of various devices in the computer.
⦁ Motherboard supports a single type of CPU and few types of memory.
⦁ Manufacturer company are- Intel, Asus, Biostar, gigabyte, MSI etc.
DESCRIPTION:-
⦁ The mother board is maintained inside the case and is securely attached by small screw through pre-drilled holes.
⦁ Motherboard contain parts the connect all of the internal components, if provides as a single sockets for CPU, whereas for memory, normally one or more slots are available.
⦁ Motherboard carries fans and special part designed for power supply
⦁ There is cord in front of the motherboard , using which video cord and sound cord and other explanation on cords are connected to motherboard
⦁ Mother board provides USB ports, which also comfortable device to be connected in plug input .
2.EXPLAIN IMPACT PRINTERS WITH AN EXAMPLE?
Ans. Impact printers
These printers print with striking of hammers or pains on ribbon. These printers can print on multi-part [USING CARBOON PAPER] by using mechanical pressure
⦁ For example, Dot matrix printers & line matrix printers are input printer
⦁ A DOT matrix printer that prints using a fixed number of pins or wires .Each dot is produced by a tiny metal rod also called a ‘Wire’ or ‘pin’ which works by the power of a tiny electro magnet or solenoid, either directly or through a set of small leavers .
⦁ It generally prints one line of text at a time. The printing speed of these printers varies from 30 to ISSO CPS [CHRACFER PER SECOND].
3.Describe input device with example?
Input Device:-
Input device is a device, which provides data & information input to a computer.There are many input devices, but the two most common are keyboard and mouse.
Every key you can press on the keyboard and every movement or click you move with the mouse send a specific input signal to the computer.
Examples of input devices:-
Keyboard, mouse, trackball, touchpad, touchscreen, light pen, MICR, OMR, Barcode reader, scanner
⦁ Keyboard:-
It is a most common input device.The keyboard is very much like a standard type writer keyboard with a few additional keys.
⦁ Mouse:-
It is the device that controls the movement of the cursor or printer on a display screen.It is a small object you can roll along a hard and flat surface.
⦁ Scanner:-
It is an input device that can read any text and printed on paper and translates the information into a form that the computer can understand.
4.Describe Computer Networks & Types of Computer Networks?
Network is group of people or system which are interconnected with each other.
Computer Network
Computer network is group of computers which are interconnected together to share resources. Basically computer network is a Digital communications network through which one share information, resources, Data. Computer network is a system where the group of computers are interconnected through wires or wireless.
Computer Network &differences Between LAN, MAN, WAN
Types OF Computer Networks:
Basically Computer network can be classified in to 3 types they are
⦁ LAN (Local Area Network)
An office & small area network
⦁ MAN (Metropolitan Area Network).
A big area network
⦁ WAN (Wide Area Network)
Internet
5.Describe hardware with example?
Ans: Hardware is a physical part of computer system or electronic device. Hardware, we can touch and feel. Hardware is only one part of a computer system. Hardware can be often categorized in to input, output, and storage or processing components. Devices which are not an integral part of the CPU are known as peripherals. Peripherals are used for input, storage or output. Peripherals devices such as a hard disk, keyboard or printer. Hardware devices examples are monitor, keyboard, CPU and mouse and it also includes all the parts inside the computer such as the hard disk drive, motherboard, video card, and many others.
6.What is software, describe types and examples?
Ans; Software is a set of programs, procedure associated with the control and operation of the
Computer system to fulfill the user’s need. It’s the logical parts of computer.
: It is of two type’s i.e.
System software
Application software
1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE: These are the programs that activates and monitor the activities of the hardware components of computer.
E.g.:- Mac OS, GNU/Linux and Microsoft Windows etc.
2. APPLICATION SOFTWARE: Programs designed and developed to fulfill the specific needs of user.
E.g.:- MS word, MS Excel, Power point, Outlook, Notepad.
7. Describe about the CPU of computer?
Ans; A computer has 4 main components they are input, output, processing and memory.
When we give some input to computer it takes a millisecond time and gives us output
That millisecond time is taken by the computer is to understand our input or convert it into binary number (0, 1) then in gives us our result of input.
This work done by the computer is called processing.
It is a simple and very first process when we give input the computer process it in its processing unit and then store the data and gives us output. For processing of computer many processing devices are used. They are Central processing unit (CPU), Graphics processing unit (GPU), Motherboard, Network card, Sound card, Video card.
A central processing unit (CPU) is an important part of every computer. The CPU sends signals to control the other parts of the computer, almost like how a brain controls a body.
The CPU is an electronic machine that works on a list of computer things to do, called instructions. It reads the list of instructions and runs (executes) each one in order. A list of instructions that a CPU can run is a computer program.
8.What are the Advantages & Disadvantages of Computer?
Ans; Advantages of computer
⦁ Multitasking
Multitasking is one of the major advantages of computer. Person can perform multiple task, multiple operation, calculate numerical problems within few seconds. Computer can perform trillion of instructions per second.
⦁ Speed
One of the main advantages of computer is its incredible speed, which helps human to complete their task in few seconds. All the operations can be performed very fast just because of its speed elsewise it takes a long time to perform the task.
Cost/ Stores huge amount of data
It is a low cost solution. Person can save huge data within a low budget. Centralized database of storing information is the major advantage that can reduce cost.
⦁ Accuracy
One of the root advantage of computer is that can perform not only calculations but also with accuracy.
⦁ Data Security
Protecting digital data is known as data security. Computer provides security from destructive forces and from unwanted action from unauthorized users like cyber-attack or access attack.
Disadvantage of Computer
As we know advantage comes with disadvantage.
⦁ Virus and hacking attacks
Virus is a worm and hacking is simply an unauthorized access over computer for some illicit purpose. Once virus is transferred in host computer it can infect file, overwrite the file etc.
⦁ Online Cyber Crimes
Online cyber-crime means computer and network may have used in order to commit crime. Cyber stalking and Identity theft are the points which comes under online cyber-crimes.
⦁ Reduction in employment opportunity
Mainly past generation was not used of the computer or they have the knowledge of computer they faced a big problem when computer came in field. As we have seen in banking sector senior bank employees faced this problem when computer came to the banking sector.
9.what is the difference between impact printer and non- impact printer? with some examples?
Ans:
* An impact printer creats an image on paper by striking the paper with a metal plastic or rubber impression tool examples typewriter, dot matrix printer , letterpress or rubber stamp.
* A non-impact printer creates an image or paper by spraying ink on the paper , electronic static transfer or offset printing transferring the image to paper from a rubber blanket. Mimeograph and hectograph may also be considered non -impact printing as they creat an image on a stencil or gelatin plate befor transferring the image to paper.
10.What is hub?
Ans:
A hub is network hub used for connection of devices in a network. This device used in star topology as a centralize device.
All the devices in network connection is connected through hub that.
Acts as a central connection for all the devices.
There are many ports in the hub and if a packet arrives only at one port
It is copied so that all the ports can see the packs .
A hub also called a network hub is a common connection point for devices in a
Networks.
Hubs and switches serve as accentual connection for all of your network equipment and handle a data types known as frames.
11.What is switch?
Ans:
A network switch is a hardware device that channels incoming data from multiple input ports to a specific output port that will take it toward its intended destination. It is a small device that transfers data packets between multiple network devices such as computers, routers, servers or other switches.
In a local area network (LAN) using Ethernet, a network switch determines where to send each incoming message frame by looking at the physical device address(MAC address). Switches maintain tables that match each MAC address to the port which the MAC address is received.
A network switch is networking hardware that connects devices on a network.
Devices on a computers network by using packet switching to receive and forward Data to the destination device
A network switch is networking hardware that connects devices on a computer Network by using
A network switch is a hardware device that channels incoming data from multiple Input ports to a specific output ports that will take it toward its.
12.DESCRIBE MODEM?
Ans:
It’s an electronic device used to access the Internet that modulates carrier waves to encode information to be transmitted and also demodulates incoming carrier waves to decode the information they carry. In simple language modem helps to change signals.
It’s a network hardware that allows a computer to send and receive data through a telephone line or cable connection. In simple words, it’s the device that connects a computer to the Internet.
The word modem is actually made by combining parts of two different words – Modulator and demodulator. As this suggests, a modem is a device that both modulates and demodulates signals that encode and retrieve information, respectively. For starters, modulation is a process of adding meaningful information to a carrier wave so that it can be transmitted over long distances.
13.Describe Network Topology?
Ans:
The term Network Topology defines the geographic Physical or logical arrangement of computer networking devices. The term Topology refers to the way in which the various nodes or computers of a network are linked together. It describes the actual layout of the computer network hardware. Two or more devices connect to a link; two or more links form a topology. Topology determines the data paths that may be used between any pair of devices of the network
They are
⦁ BUS Topology
⦁ RING Topology
⦁ STAR Topology
⦁ MESH Topology
⦁ TREE Topology
⦁ HYBRID Topology
14. What is an Operating System?
Ans:
An Operating system (OS) is a Software which acts as an interface between the end user and computer hardware. Every computer must have at least one OS to run other programs. An application likes Chrome, MS Word, Games, etc. needs some environment in which it will run and perform its task. The OS helps you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak the computer's language. It is not possible for the user to use any computer or mobile device without having an operating system.
Example: DOS, Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10, Linux, Android etc.
15.What is output device with example?
Ans:
An output device is any peripheral that receives data from a computer, usually for display, projection, or physical reproduction. For example, the image shows an inkjet printer, an output device that can make a hard copy of anything shown on the monitor. Monitors and printers are two of the most commonly used output devices used with a computer.
Example: Monitor, printer, projector, Speaker etc.
Monitor
Displays the video and graphics information generated by a connected computer.
Printer
Transfer computer electronic data to hard copy
Projector
An optical device that projects an image
Speaker
Transfer computer electronic data to Music & audio.
16.Define alignment of text in MS-Word ?
Ans:
MS-Word four primary types of text alignment include left aligned, right aligned, center and justified.
1.Right alignment: This starts each new line of the document on the right-most margin of the page.
2.Left alignment: As the default alignment in most word processing software, it starts each line on the left-most margin.
3.Center alignment: This positions and starts each new line/text block in the center/middle margin on the page.
4.Justified alignment: This aligns text with right and left margins and tries to fill as much empty space as possible. It enables a straight margin on both of the page's horizontal edges.
17.What are MS-Word and MS-Excel?
Ans:
MS Word:Microsoft Word or MS-WORD is a graphical word processing program that users can type with. It is made by the computer company Microsoft. Its purpose is to allow users to type and save documents. Similar to other word processors, it has helpful tools to make documents.Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications.
18.What is MS-Power point?
Ans:
Ans. Microsoft PowerPoint is a professional tool for making presentations that's been around for decades. It's got a number of features that make it a powerful presentation tool.
In this tutorial, you'll learn about Microsoft PowerPoint's origins and the best version of PowerPoint that fits your needs. You'll also discover tutorial resources to start learning how to use its deep toolset.
We also won't leave you confused on how to make a top-notch presentation with PowerPoint. We've all sat through a boring PowerPoint presentation. It's important to use it the right way, as a visual aid that complement your ideas.
19.What is LAN?
Ans:
It is a privately-owned network and stands for local area network. A network is a group of computers and other devices connected so they can pass information back and forth. The local area network (LAN) is a network which is designed to operate over a small physical area such as an office, factory or a group of buildings up to a few kilometers in size. LANs very widely used in a variety of computers to share resources and exchange information.
The personal computers and workstations in the offices are interconnected via LAN to share resources. The resources to be shared can be hardware like a printer or software or data. A LAN is a form of local (limited-distance), shared packet network for computer communications. In LAN all the machines are connected to a single cable.
20.What is MAN?
Ans:
The MAN network (Metropolitan Area Network) is a high-speed network (broadband) that covers larger geographic area such as city (tens of kilometers) or districts than local area network (LAN) but smaller than wide area network (WAN) and providing the ability to integrate multiple services through the transmission of data, voice, and video, on transmission media such as copper, fiber optics, and microwaves.
The term is applied to the single network such as a cable television network, or it can be a way of connecting a certain number of LANs in a more extensive network so that resources can share from LAN to LAN and from device to device. For example, a company can use a MAN to connect the LANs of all its offices scattered around the city. Local libraries and government agencies often use a MAN to connect to citizens and private industries. It may also connect MANs within a larger area than LAN. The geographical limit of a MAN may span a city.
21.What is WAN?
Ans:
In today's modern telecommunications, the need to expand networks is rapidly growing. While a LAN can cover most communication and resource sharing needs within a campus or company, WAN connectivity allows users and organizations to take more significant advantage of services such as the Internet, e-commerce, and videoconferencing.
WAN is the acronym for, Wide Area Network and refers to a network used to connect different equipment from remote areas. Typically a WAN consists of a series of switching devices interconnected. A WAN is also a remote access network that connects "sites" across a large geographic area. Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect larger geographic area, such as New York, Canada, or the world. The geographical limit of WAN is unlimited. Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite uplinks may be used to connect this type of network. Hence, a WAN may be defined as a data communications network that covers a relatively broad geographic area to connect LANs together between different cities with the help of transmission facilities provided by common carriers, such as telephone companies. WAN technologies function at the lower three layers.
22.Describe Network?
Ans:
A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.
A network consists of multiple devices that communicate with one another. It can be as small as two computers or as large as billions of devices. While a traditional network is comprised of desktop computers, modern networks may include laptops, tablets, smartphones, televisions, gaming consoles, smart appliances, and other electronics.
23.Describe BUS Topology?
Ans:
Data communication message travels along the bus in both directions until it is picked up by a workstation or server NIC. If the message is missed or not recognized, it reaches the end of the cabling and dissipates at the terminator. Bus Network Topology requires a multipoint connection.
All nodes on the bus topology have equal access to the trunk. This is accomplished using short drop cables or direct T-connectors. The number of devices and the length of the trunk can be easily expanded.
Bus networks are easy to assemble and expand. They only require a small amount of cable, compared to other network topologies. However, bus networks can suffer cable breakage, loss of information in the connectors and deficiencies in the necessary wiring length, often difficult to resolve. Any physical problem in the network, such as a loose connector, can ground the entire bus network. When bus topology networks do not close properly, the network tends to experience rebounds in signal transmission. If the bus topology used, the physical aspects of the network should always be checked to avoid any problems. Problems with connectors, cables, and terminators often abound in this type of network.
24.Describe RING Topology?
Ans:
The physical ring Topology is a circular loop of point-to-point links. Each device connects directly to the ring or indirectly through and interface device or drop cable. Message travel around the ring from node to node in a very organized manner. Each workstation checks the message for a matching destination address. If the address doesn't match the node simply regenerates the message and sends it on its way. If the address matches, the node accepts the message and sends a reply to the originating sender.
In ring topology, the various nodes are connected in form of a ring or circle (physical ring), in which data flows in a circle, from one station to another station.
It has no beginning or end that needs to be terminated.
In this topology, each device or node has a dedicated point to point line configuration with only two devices on either side of it.
Signal is passed along the ring in one direction from one station to another until it reaches destination.
Each device in ring incorporates a repeater.
When a device receives a signal intended for another device, its repeater regenerates the bits and passes them along.
25.Describe Star Topology?
Ans:
The physical star Topology uses a central controlling or hub with dedicated legs pointing in all directions – like points of a star. Each network device has a dedicated point-to-point link to the central hub. There is no direct link between these computers and the computers can communicate via central controller only. This strategy prevents troublesome collisions and keeps the lines of communications open and free of traffic. Since in the star topology each computer on the network uses a different cable connection, this type of topology is expandable, only limited by the number of ports available in the hub (although it is possible to join several hubs to increase the number of ports ). The expansion of a star topology network does not present any difficulty, since adding another computer to the network means nothing more than placing a cable between the computer and the hub. In fact, the rest of the network users will not even notice the extension.
26.Mesh Topology
Ans:
The mesh network topology uses redundant connections between the node on the network, applying a fault tolerance strategy. Each node included in the network connected to the rest of the node, which explains why this type of topology requires extensive wiring. This type of topology can cope with the failure of one or two segments of the network without interrupting traffic since it has redundant lines.
Mesh networks are more expensive and difficult to install than other types of network topologies due to the large number of connections they require. In most cases, networks that use this redundant connection strategy included within the broader hybrid networks. In a hybrid network, only the most essential and crucial servers and computers configured with redundant connections. In this way, the fundamental segments of the corporate network protected without using multiple lines for each of the computers connected to the network.
27.Describe Tree Topology?
Ans:
Tree or Hierarchical Topology The type of Topology in which a central 'root' node, the top level of the hierarchy, is connected to one or more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy i.e., the second level, with a point-to-point link between each of the second level nodes and the top level central 'root' node, while each of the second level nodes that are connected to the top level central 'root' node will also have one or more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy, i.e., the third level, connected to it, also with a point-to-point link, the top level central 'root' node being the only node that has no other node above it in the hierarchy.
28.Hybrid Topology
Ans:
The hybrid Topology is a type of Topology that is composed of one or more interconnections of two or more networks that are based upon different physical topologies in a single network that is composed of one or more interconnections of two or more networks that are based upon the same physical topology.
When two hubs of different topologies are joined so that the devices attached to them can communicate as in figure, it is called a Star-Bus network.
When two or more star topologies are linked together using a specialized hub called a MAU (Multi-utilization Access Unit), it is known as Star-Ring topology.
29.Describe Broadcast?
Ans:
Any form of communication in which a single sender transmits messages to many receivers at once, the most familiar examples being the television and public radio systems. The opposite of broadcast is POINT-TO-POINT or narrowcast communication, between just a single transmitter and a single receiver - a telephone conversation for example. When such a multiple connection is made via a network cable as opposed to wireless, such communication is often called MULTIPOINT, as opposed to a point-to-point or UNICAST. Communication channel is shared by all the machines on the network in broadcast network.
30.Describe IP Address?
Ans:
Every machine on a network has a unique identifier. Just as you would address a letter to send in the mail, computers use the unique identifier to send data to specific computers on a network. Most networks today, including all computers on the Internet, use the TCP/IP protocol as the standard for how to communicate on the network. In the TCP/IP protocol, the unique identifier for a computer is called its IP address.
There are two standards for IP addresses: IP Version 4 (IPv4) and IP Version 6 (IPv6). All computers with IP addresses have an IPv4 address, and many are starting to use the new IPv6 address system as well.
31.What is Router?
Ans:
A router is hardware device designed to receive, analyze and move incoming packets to another network. It may also be used to convert the packets to another network interface, drop them, and perform other actions relating to a network. The picture shows the Linksys BEFSR11 wireless router and is what many home routers resemble.
A router has a lot more capabilities than other network devices, such as a hub or a switch that are only able to perform basic network functions. For example, a hub is often used to transfer data between computers or network devices, but does not analyze or do anything with the data it is transferring. By contrast, routers can analyze the data being sent over a network, change how it is packaged, and send it to another network or over a different network. For example, routers are commonly used in home networks to share a single Internet connection between multiple computers.
32.What is Bluetooth?
Ans:
Bluetooth is a computing and telecommunications industry specification that describes how devices can communicate with each other. Devices that use Bluetooth include computers, a computer keyboard and mouse, personal digital assistants, and smartphones.
Bluetooth is an radio frequency technology that operates at 2.4 GHz, has an effective range of 32-feet (10 meters) (this range varies on the power class), and has a transfer rate of 1 Mbps and throughput of 721 Kbps.
A good example of how Bluetooth could be used is the ability to connect a computer to a cell phone without any wires or special connectors. The picture is an example of a USB Bluetooth adapter from SMC.
33.What is browser?
Ans:
Alternatively referred to as a web browser or Internet browser, a browser is a software program to present and explore content on the World Wide Web. These pieces of content, including pictures, videos, and web pages, are connected using hyperlinks and classified with URIs (Uniform Resource Identifiers). This page is an example of a web page that can be viewed using a browser.
There have been many different web browsers that have come and gone over the years. The first, named Worldwide Web (later changed to Nexus). However, the first graphical browser and widely used browser that help bring popularity to the Internet was NCSA Mosaic.
34.Describe Memory Units?
Ans:
A computer processor is made up of multiple decisive circuits, each one of which may be either OFF or ON. These two states in terms of memory are represented by a 0 or 1. In order to count higher than 1, such bits (BInarydigiTS) are suspended together. A group of eight bits is known as a byte. 1 byte can represent numbers between zero (00000000) and 255 (11111111), or 2^8 = 256 distinct positions. Of course, these bytes may also be combined together to represent larger numbers. The computer represents all characters and numbers internally in the same fashion.
1Bit =0 or 1
Byte =8 bits
Kilobyte =1024 bytes
Megabyte =1,024kilobytes (KB)
Gigabyte =1,024 megabytes (MB)
Terabyte =1,024 gigabytes (GB)
Petabyte =1,024 Terabyte (TB)
35.What is computer?
Ans:
The Word Computer comes from compute. The word compute is derived from the Latin word ‘computare’, was meaning "arithmetic, accounting".
The Computer meaning is the digital device that stores information in memory using input devices and manipulate information to produce output according to given instructions.
Computer term was first used as "one who calculates. Term changed and got a new computer meaning "Calculating machine", "programmable digital electronic computer".
Technically, a computer means to calculate or electronic programmable machine.
Computer is used to perform some sequence of instructions in fast and accurate manner. Computer receives input in the form of digitalized data, using input devices like keyboard, mouse, joystick, scanner etc. It process based on a program instructions to give output.
36.What is Primary Memory?
Ans:
Primary memory is also known as main memory or may also refer to "Internal memory." and primary storage. All those types of computer memories that are directly accessed by the processor using data bus are called primary memory. That allows a processor to access stores running programs and currently processed data that stored in a memory location.
The use of memories is therefore mandatory in all systems using a microprocessor, including computers. An example of Primary memory is RAM and ROM that store programs. These memories are limited in capacity and manufactured by using integrated circuits (IC) or semiconductor device. Its speed of Data accessing is faster than secondary memory. It is more
expensive than secondary memory.
When you turn on the computer, Generally CPU searches for essential codes in RAM to get it. Otherwise, it goes to ROM. Yes, they both chips collectively called primary memory in a computer system.
37.What is RAM & Types?
Ans:
The Word “RAM” stands for “random access memory” or may also refer to short-term memory. It’s called “random” because you can read store data randomly at any time and from any physical location. It is a temporal storage memory. RAM is volatile that only retains all the data as long as the computer powered. It is the fastest type of memory. RAM stores the currently processed data from the CPU and sends them to the graphics unit.
• Static RAM: Static RAM is used for primary storage are volatile. It retains data in latch as long as the computer powered. SRAM is more expensive and consumes more power than DRAM. It used as Cache Memory in a computer system. As technically, SRAM uses more transistors as compared to DRAM. It is faster compared to DRAM due to the latching arrangement, and they use 6 transistors per data bit as compared to DRAM, which uses one transistor per bit.
• Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM): It is another form of RAM used as Main Memory, its retains information in Capacitors for a short period (a few milliseconds) even though the computer powered. The Data is Refreshed Periodically to maintain in it. The DRAM is cheaper, but it can store much more information. Moreover, it is also slower and consumes less power than SRAM.
38.What is ROM? With Types?
Ans:
ROM is the long-term internal memory. ROM is “Non-Volatile Memory” that retains data without the flow of electricity. ROM is an essential chip with permanently written data or programs. It is similar to the RAM that is accessed by the CPU. ROM comes with pre-written by the computer manufacturer to hold the instructions for booting-up the computer.
• PROM(Programmable Read Only Memory): PROM stands for programmable ROM. It can be programmed only be done once and read many. Unlike ROM, PROMs retain their contents without the flow of electricity. PROM is also nonvolatile memory. The significant difference between a ROM and a PROM is that a ROM comes with pre-written by the computer manufacturer whereas PROM manufactured as blank memory. PROM can be programmed by PROM burner and by blowing internal fuses permanently.
• EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory): EPROM is pronounced ee-prom. This memory type retains its contents until it exposed to intense ultraviolet light that clears its contents, making it possible to reprogram the memory.
• EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory): EEPROM can be burned (programmed) and erased by first electrical waves in a millisecond. A single byte of a data or the entire contents of device can be erased. To write or erase this memory type, you need a device called a PROM burner.
39.What are the number systems in Computer?
Ans:
Number systems are the technique to represent numbers in the computer system architecture, every value that you are saving or getting into/from computer memory has a defined number system.
Computer architecture supports following number systems.
Binary number system
Octal number system
Decimal number system
Hexadecimal (hex) number system
1) Binary Number System
A Binary number system has only two digits that are 0 and 1. Every number (value) represents with 0 and 1 in this number system. The base of binary number system is 2, because it has only two digits.
2) Octal number system
Octal number system has only eight (8) digits from 0 to 7. Every number (value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 in this number system. The base of octal number system is 8, because it has only 8 digits.
3) Decimal number system
Decimal number system has only ten (10) digits from 0 to 9. Every number (value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8 and 9 in this number system. The base of decimal number system is 10, because it has only 10 digits.
4) Hexadecimal number system
A Hexadecimal number system has sixteen (16) alphanumeric values from 0 to 9 and A to F. Every number (value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E and F in this number system. The base of hexadecimal number system is 16, because it has 16 alphanumeric values. Here A is 10, B is 11, C is 12, D is 13, E is 14 and F is 15.
40.what are computer languages & Types?
Ans:
The user of a computer must be able to communicate with it. That means, he must be able to give the computer commands and understand the output that the computer generates. This is possible due to the invention of computer languages.
1] Low Level Languages
Low level languages are the basic computer instructions or better known as machine codes. A computer cannot understand any instruction given to it by the user in English or any other high level language. These low level languages are very easily understandable by the machine.
The main function of low level languages is to interact with the hardware of the computer. They help in operating, syncing and managing all the hardware and system components of the computer. They handle all the instructions which form the architecture of the hardware systems.
2] High Level Language
When we talk about high level languages, these are programming languages. Some prominent examples are C, C#, C++ etc.
The important feature about such high level languages is that they allow the programmer to write programs for all types of computers and systems. Every instruction in high level language is converted to machine language for the computer to comprehend.
41.What is Internet?
Ans:
The internet is just a massive networking infrastructure that connects millions of users and devices from across the world.It connects more than countries of the world allowing is a free exchange of data and information at lightning fast speeds.Now comes the question of how does this information flow on the internet? The basic function of the internet is to move computerized data from one place to another.This happens as the internet is decentralized, i.e. not under any control. Every computer or device is an independent host and the information just moves from one host to another via the internet.
42.What are Internet Protocols?
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The internet is a massive networking infrastructure. So there have to be some rules that regulate such a network. So internet protocols are a set of regulations and protocols that define and govern the format of the data that is sent via the internet. It is the method by which the data is sent over from one host to another.When you send data over the internet this data is divided into smaller packets. Each packet contains the senders and the receivers IP address.These packs first go to the gateway computer which reads the destination address and forwards it to the adjacent gateway. The next gateway will also do the same until the packet ultimately reaches its destination address.
43.What is ipv4?
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IPv4 addresses 32 bit binary addresses divided into 4 octets used by the Internet Protocol for delivering packet to a device located in same or remote network. MAC address (Hardware address) is a globally unique address which represents the network card and cannot be changed. IPv4 address refers to a logical address, which is a configurable address used to identify which network this host belongs to and also a network specific host number. In other words, an IPv4 address consists of two parts; a network part and a host part.
This can be compared to your home address. A letter addressed to your home address will be delivered to your house because of this logical address. If you move to another house, your address will change, and letters addressed to you will be sent to your new address. But the person who the letter is being delivered to, that is “you”, is still the same.
IPv4 addresses are stored internally as binary numbers but they are represented in decimal numbers because of simplicity.
44.Describe ipv6?
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An IPv6 address is a 128-bit alphanumeric string that identifies an endpoint device in the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) addressing scheme. IPv6 addresses are preferred by professional users such as network engineers, tech companies, datacenters and mobile carriers.
It has been a concern for some time that the IPv4 addressing scheme was running out of potential addresses. The IPv6 format was created to enable the trillions of new IP addresses required to connect not only an ever-greater number of computing devices but also the rapidly expanding numbers of items with embedded connectivity. In the Internet of Things scenario, objects, animals and people are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to automatically transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
IPv6 expands the available address space sufficiently to enable anything conceivable to have an IP address. The number of potential IPv6 addresses has been calculated as over 340 undecillion. According to Computer History Museum docent Dick Guertin, that number allows an IPv6 address for each atom on the surface of the planet-- with enough left over for more than 100 more similar planets.
45.What is DHCP Server?
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A DHCP Server is a network server that automatically provides and assigns IP addresses, default gateways and other network parameters to client devices. It relies on the standard protocol known as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol or DHCP to respond to broadcast queries by clients.
A DHCP server automatically sends the required network parameters for clients to properly communicate on the network. Without it, the network administrator has to manually set up every client that joins the network, which can be cumbersome, especially in large networks. DHCP servers usually assign each client with a unique dynamic IP address, which changes when the client’s lease for that IP address has expired.
46.What is DNS?
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The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of the Internet. Humans access information online through domain names, like google.com or bing.com. Web browsers interact through Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. DNS translates domain names to IP addresses so browsers can load Internet resources.
Each device connected to the Internet has a unique IP address which other machines use to find the device. DNS servers eliminate the need for humans to memorize IP addresses such as 192.168.1.1 (in IPv4), or more complex newer alphanumeric IP addresses such as 2400:cb00:2048:1:: c629:d7a2 (in IPv6).
47.What is Email?
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Email is stand for "electronic mail," is one of the most widely used features of the Internet, along with the web. It allows sending and receiving messages to and from anyone with an email address, anywhere in the world.Email uses multiple protocols within the TCP/IP suite. For example, SMTP is used to send messages, while the POP or IMAP protocols are used to retrieve messages from a mail server.
48. What is mail merge option in MS word?
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MS word Mail merge option is consists in combining mail and letters and pre-addressed envelopes or mailing labels for mass mailings from a form letter. Microsoft Word can insert content from a database, spreadsheet, or table into Word documents. Mail Merge is most often used to print or email form letters to multiple recipients. Using Mail Merge, it is easily to customize form letters for individual recipients. Mail merge is also used to create envelopes or labels in bulk.
49. What is chart in MS excel & types of chat
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A chart is a graphical representation of data, in which "the data is represented by symbols; it is a visual representation of data from a worksheet that can bring more understanding to the data. Such as Column Chart, Line Chart, Pie Chart, Doughnut Chart, Bar Chart, Area Chart, XY (Scatter) Chart, Bubble Chart, Stock Chart, Surface Chart, Radar Chart, Combo Chart
50.What are Pits and Lands in CD’s
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All Optical media (CD, DVD, Blu-Ray etc.) have pits and lands. These are microscopic and represent the binary information of the data stored on the disc. A land is reflective and reflects the laser into a sensor to register it as a I, but when the light hits a pit, it shatters and no reflection is received, thus a O is registered. To write 1’ & 0’s on CD, a laser beam is used. To write 1, the laser beam is turned on, which turns a pit up to the reflecting layer. To write 0, the laser beam is not turned on & hence, no pit is burned. The surface when there is no pit is called land.
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